BIM: Pipeline construction in the digital transformation

Image source: Bohlen & Doyen Bau GmbH

Introduction and overview

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is at the heart of the digital transformation in the construction industry, particularly in the field of pipeline construction. The method is based on the creation and use of virtual, multidimensional models – known as digital twins – for the planning, execution and operation of buildings. In the infrastructure sector in particular, BIM enables more efficient, coordinated and transparent collaboration across all project phases.

In addition to the redesign and replanning of plant components, reverse engineering is quick and easy with the generated point cloud (Image source: Bohlen & Doyen Bau GmbH)

Common working method and central database

The BIM approach is characterised by a cooperative working model in which various disciplines continuously collaborate on a central digital model. This model combines all relevant physical and functional properties of the building. Engineers, architectural firms and contractors thus have access to the latest planning status – traditional plans or tables are increasingly being replaced. The central database connects individual specialist models with each other, thus creating the basis for more precise planning and improved coordination.

Collision detection and project management

One of the most powerful tools in BIM is collision detection: different specialist models such as architecture, structural engineering and building services are digitally merged, allowing potential conflicts – such as overlapping pipes and the supporting structure – to be identified and eliminated at an early stage of planning. In addition, the model is expanded to include, for example, time sequences (4D) and cost information (5D). The resulting combination of 3D model, scheduling and cost calculation enables the simulation and optimisation of construction processes as well as improved cost forecasting.

A flying laser scanner such as the BLK2Fly from Leica not only captures buildings from the air, but is also used inside excavation pits (Image source: Bohlen & Doyen Bau GmbH)

Relevance in pipeline construction

An analysis conducted in 2020 on behalf of the relevant trade associations (including the Deutsche Gesellschaft für grabenloses Bauen e. V., the Rohrleitungsbauverbandes e. V., in cooperation with the Bundesfachabteilung Leitungsbau im Hauptverband der Deutschen Bauindustrie e. V.) shows that the use of BIM to date has largely focused on planning and approval processes. However, the full potential of digital building models becomes clear when considering their cross-phase and standardised use: consistently available data enables optimised processes throughout pipeline construction and offers new possibilities beyond traditional processes.

Structured data along the value chain

The benefits of BIM are particularly evident in the continuous transfer of planning and construction data without media discontinuity. This means that all project participants along the value chain – from planning to tendering and execution to operation – benefit from increased efficiency and improved process quality.

Point clouds provide a wealth of fundamental information for planning. Not only distances, lengths, curves and sizes of pipes and fittings, but also, for example, possible distortions of flange hole rings (Image source: Bohlen & Doyen Bau GmbH)

Integration of modern surveying methods

The use of laser scanning technologies within BIM models opens up additional practical advantages: high-resolution scans detect even the smallest surface damage such as hairline cracks or minor subsidence. The georeferenced point clouds make it possible to precisely document changes in the condition of the building and archive them in a way that makes them easy to find. Unlike conventional photo documentation, there is no need for post-processing, as all relevant areas are already stored in the 3D model and linked to the respective time of recording. This makes a graphical before-and-after comparison easy and clear.

Practical example: 3D capture of parcel boundaries

In practice, parcel boundaries, which usually appear only as lines on maps, are first converted into three-dimensional surfaces using terrain modelling. These surfaces can be integrated into the digital building model, making it possible to see whether planned pipelines cross affected properties. The generated data is stored as IFC files – each parcel is treated as a separate floor. This allows each individual parcel to be shown or hidden and clearly identified; in the next step, additional information such as nature reserves or water protection areas can be automatically integrated. This supports time-saving and error-free planning.

Prospects for the digitisation of the construction industry

The new Bundesministerium für Digitales und Staatsmodernisierung (BMDS) could play a central role in the future development and implementation of nationwide digitisation strategies in the construction industry. It could promote the widespread use of BIM, accelerate planning and approval procedures through online portals, and create central digital data platforms, such as a gigabit land register. In addition, it could initiate research projects on new digital construction technologies and strengthen the training and further education of skilled workers. The establishment of the BMDS also creates the political framework to drive forward the modernisation and digitalisation of the construction industry in a targeted, coordinated and sustainable manner. This would make the industry as a whole more efficient and modern.